Vaccinations And Its Effects On Children - 1444 Words

Over many years, we have gained more and more knowledge in the medical field. We have learned new information about new diseases, new cures, and new technology that can be used to help our society stay healthy. Vaccinations are one of the ways doctors help prevent people from getting various diseases such as polio and the measles. However, some peoples’ beliefs and religions get in the way of them taking vaccines. Also, some parents believe that vaccinations are linked to autism and refuse to let their children get vaccines. For many years, people have been having controversies over this subject, but I believe that we should require kids to have vaccinations to keep society healthy and stable. First, studies and research have shown that vaccinations are not connected to autism. The only connection between vaccines and autism is age. Parents naturally think vaccinations have something to do with their child developing autism, and they tend to look towards recent events that hap pened in their child’s life as the cause. Vaccines are usually seen as the cause of autism because vaccinations are received at the age when children develop autism, so many parents wrongly connect the two. One of the main reasons parents are scared to give their children vaccinations is because of a false statement made by Dr. Andrew Wakefield. It was about the vaccination given to prevent measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). In 1988, it was falsely stated by Dr. Wakefield in the Lancet that theShow MoreRelatedVaccination Of Vaccinations And Its Effects On Children1546 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent vaccination rates in Queensland and Australia have dropped as parents have become more and more confused as to the real benefits and risks of vaccinations due to a plethora of information and misformation found on the internet. This essay will provide scientific information in support of immunization and include what a vaccination is, benefits of vaccinations, risks of not vaccinati ng, vaccine side effects and common misconceptions regarding vaccinations. Vaccinations have been repeatedlyRead MoreVaccinations And Its Effects On Children990 Words   |  4 PagesVaccinations are a preparation given to patients that provides acquired immunity to a specific disease. They contain either a live, weakened part or an inactive form created from a dead version of the viruses, causing the body to produce antibodies that will attack the virus if the body later comes into contact with the disease. A person can reduce the severity or eliminate the contraction of the disease completely. However, vaccinations have become a controversial topic and parts of the populationRead MoreVaccinations And Its Effects On Children1226 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped and built upon that are convincing me of the importance of the vaccinations. The benefits of vaccinations really were shown when â€Å"The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimated that 732,000 American children were saved from death and 322 million cases of childhood illnesses were prevented betw een 1994 and 2014 due to vaccination† (Huffington). This is proof right in front of our eyes that vaccinations are working for some children. Something that saves 732,000 lives is a very important asset. AlsoRead MoreVaccinations And Its Effects On Children979 Words   |  4 PagesVaccinations are a substance given to patients that provides acquired immunity to a specific disease. They contain either a live weakened part of the virus or an inactive form created from a dead version of the viruses, causing the body to produce antibodies that will attack the virus if the body later comes into contact with the disease. Thus, a person can reduce the severity of the disease or eliminate the contraction of the disease completely. However, vaccinations have become a controversialRead MoreVaccinations And Its Effects On Children1712 Words   |  7 PagesThe Significance of Vaccinations in Our Society Litisha Sibblis Charter Oak State College â€Æ' The Significance of Vaccinations in Our Society It is important to note that not everything in life is certain or safe and effective and this same principle applies to vaccinations. This research will be on vaccines focusing on the benefits and its potentially adverse effects in children. Additionally this research will reveal if vaccines are linked to or are causes of other illnesses. Overall I intendRead MoreVaccinations And Its Effects On Children Essay2266 Words   |  10 Pages10-20-2016 Vaccination Vaccinations have strongly integrated into modern medicine, where several generations have grown up without being exposed to epidemics of many dangerous even deadly diseases. However, during the recent decade an anti-vaccine movement has emerged, powered by individuals claiming the negative effects vaccines are causing children. The two sides of the controversial debate between physicians and parents beliefs regarding the vaccination of children, and the potential effect of theRead MoreVaccination And Its Effects On Children1840 Words   |  8 PagesVaccination is a preparation of antigenic material that can be used to stimulate the development of antibodies and thus confer active immunity against a specific or number of diseases. It is a medical treatment administered to an otherwise healthy individual. Virtually all other invasive medical interventions occur only once someone has called ill. Vaccination, like most medical treatments, can involve some risk. And therefore it should be undertaken only after careful consideration of its risksRead MoreThe Effects Of Vaccination And Its Effects On Children1728 Words   |  7 Pagesvaccinate yourself/ your child has become a very important question to ask yourself. With recent news of vaccinations having a possible link to autism and many other negative side effects, it has become increasingly more important to weigh the risks and the rewards of vaccinations. While this may be a risk, the risk of zero vaccinations worldwide would have an exponentially larger and more negative effect on the majority of the world. Vacinations are the key to achieving longevity in life not only for oneRead MoreChildhood Vaccinations And Its Effects On Children1218 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Vaccinations People in the United States are urged from day one that vaccinations are important for the well being of their children and for everyone that your child may come in contact with. Recently, childhood vaccinations have been stigmatized as a negative process. Parents have become increasingly concerned about the effects and side effects of vaccinations. The problem being, that the infectious diseases that are being prevented for, are being forgotten about. Vaccinations have beenRead MoreThe Effects Of Receiving Vaccinations On Children1619 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversy regarding alleged side effects of receiving vaccinations, with autism being at the forefront of discussion. A study published by Wakefield in 1998 is what sparked the debate; in the study, Wakefield claimed that the onset of autism was directly correlated with a child’s measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination (MMR). Since the study was published, a rather large group of anti-vaccine activists have remained vocal and encouraged others to cease vaccinated their children. Celebrities and media personalities

Essay Being Deaf doesnt Mean Being Silent - 975 Words

Imagine using no spoken words, not hearing at all, yet at the same time communicating perfectly. By use of American Sign Language (ASL), many people communicate everyday. They share stories of hope and despair, trade ideas and opinions, cry and laugh. Their difference is one that is important in their lives, yet does not in any way decrease the value of those lives. Deafness is such a unique, insightful, and wonderful loss. It is one with such beauty and meaning. Deafness is one disability that isnt really a disability at all. Instead many prefer to look at it as a culture. The Deaf culture is made up of primarily deaf people who view their hearing loss as a different way of life. These people use their native tongue, American†¦show more content†¦The receiver can and will pick up on more than the words, but a real sense of what you are feeling. It portrays ones whole opinion, thought process, and self. Many hearing people still think ASL is made up of only the ma nual alphabet; nothing could be more wrong. ASL is made up of billions of signs, phrases, and anecdotes. There are signs for all kinds of genres; any word can be translated from word to sign. nbsp; The culture itself is one of proud close-knit individuals, who are reality based. These people tend to be more open, honest, and caring than hearing people who are concerned with fitting in. They have banded together for what they believe in, and so in a sense they are all family. nbsp; It is true that these people miss the sound of the ocean roaring, popcorn popping, or bacon sizzling. Many have never known what a roar, whistle, rumble, or voice sounds like. It is sad that these sounds and many others are not part of their everyday lives. Yet in the same sense, many hearing people miss out on the smiles and twinkling eyes that deaf people cherish and value. Many people think not being able to hear would be awful, separate, lonely, and boring. In reality it is not the hearing loss itself that creates the stigma, but the people who view deafness as a disability. nbsp; There are hearing people out there that feel it is very important to teach deafShow MoreRelatedThe Communication Barriers Of Deaf People972 Words   |  4 PagesOur world has changed so much, especially for Deaf people. Less than a century ago, the ability to text and email weren’t available, and communication between Deaf and hearing people seemed much harder. Deaf people became weary of interactions with hearing people, for fear of being scammed or cheated. People who were hearing and knew sign language were sparse. Love Is Never Silent shows the communication barriers and how, for a Deaf couple, they relied on their hearing daughter to be their ears inRead MoreLove Is Never Silent1191 Words   |  5 PagesDeaf Event For my American Sign Language class I needed to attend some type of Deaf event. The event I chose was the showing of Love is Never Silent on October 22nd from 6-8pm in Wiley Hall at the University of Minnesota. Love is Never Silent is a very touching and powerful television movie from 1985. This movie can help the hearing world get a look at what it is like to have family members that are Deaf. This movie was also probably an inspiration for Deaf people by how relatable it could beRead MoreThrough Deaf Eyes Reflection Paper1708 Words   |  7 PagesThrough Deaf Eyes Reflection Paper â€Å"Through Deaf Eyes† was a documentary that really opened my eyes and allowed me to understand just a small fraction of what it may be like for a Deaf person to live in a hearing world. The first thing that really stuck with me was the fact that the film was all silent. The part that made it easy for me to understand was the fact that there was closed captioning. All throughout the film, all participants, both Deaf and hearing, were signing at what seemed like lightningRead MoreThe Deaf Community of Puget Sound850 Words   |  3 Pagescompletely deaf. And even though there are many people that are deaf, many hearing people know little to nothing about how deaf people live. Delving into the silent world reveals a great deal about the deaf community, deaf culture, and the largest controversy in the Deaf community. One of the most crucial facts that hearing people must know about the Deaf community is that you don’t have to be deaf to be a part of the deaf community. â€Å"The Deaf Community is comprised of individuals, both deaf and hearingRead More American Sign Language Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pages In learning about the deaf culture I have taken on a new understanding about the people it includes. Through readings and the lessons, I have learned that being deaf has both its hardships and its blessings. The beauty of the language alone makes one want to learn all that he or she can about it. In this paper I will discuss the beauty of the language and the misconceptions the hearing world has about deafness. The deaf culture has often been labeled as the deaf- and- dumb culture. ThisRead MoreEssay about The Crying of Lot 493748 Words   |  15 PagesOedipas urge to decipher, and she sacrifices all--life, husband, lover, stability--to what becomes her cause celebrà ©:differentiating meaningful information from meaningless noise.And we come to understand that Oedipas urgent meaning--that quality of being Oedipa which separates and defines her--is the message she longs to extract from the chaos of signals around her; and that her generalized fear has solidified into a specific struggle to prevent this newly acquired self from disintegrating back intoRead MoreSign Language Is A Complex System Of Communication2007 Words   |  9 Pagespositions, and other gestures. Sign Language has played a signiï ¬ cant role in deaf and hard of hearing culture and is the major communication alternative for those whom are deaf or hard of hearing with a beautiful history of origin. Beings who were deaf did not have a voice to communicate with, but when Sign Language was created it gave said individuals a symbolic voice. Sign language started a new culture for the deaf and brought deaf people around the world together. Sign language is seen as an authenticRead MoreEssay about Carson McCullerss The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter1816 Words   |  8 Pages Everyone in this book is lonely as hell and they are looking for who they are. John Singer a deaf man who rents a room from the Kelly family and earns his living as a silver engraver. He is a confidant and comfort to Jake Blount, and Doctor Copeland, John Singers silent suffering and desolate loneliness are perhaps the most poignant of all. John Singer generously devotes himself to his compulsive deaf best friend, Spiros Antonapoulos. Jake Blount is an itinerant alcoholic vacillating between violentRead MoreEssay On Russa Chapter 11211 Words   |  5 PagesWhich statement? That you wish you were deaf? Allea glowered. Loki grinned. As quick as it had existed, the grin on Lokis face vanished. You dont really think that†¦ threat scares me. Graced with a serious expression, Loki leaned his chin against the back of his hand, resting his elbow on his knee as he scanned the agent. No, youre not that daft. What kind of muzzle would you like: leather or metal? Again, the grin appeared, a mix of silent amusement and a crazed snarl. You can stopRead MoreCommunication2433 Words   |  10 Pagescountries and different cultures would speak in a way we would not understand. Informal Communication is the opposite of formal communication. It is usually used when in face to face conversation with a friend or relative, the information that is being transmitted is often less detailed than it would be if you were in a formal situation. Informal communication is also used in e-mail, texts, and telephone conversations. The role of informal communication is to build relationships and encourage trust;

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. Answer: Introduction Primarily, the NMBA which stands for the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia carries out its work as set by the national law that regulates health care practitioners. Without this board in place, it would be difficult to control the registration of nurses and midwives to ensure that they meet the minimum requirements before they are enlisted for registration. This paper explains how the NMBA registration standards relate to future practice as an enrolled nurse. NMBA Registration Standards Continuous Professional Development In essence, Continuous Professional Development (CPD) refers to the mechanism through which members of the health care department, particularly the nurses and midwives can enhance the sustenance, development, and the expansion of their individual knowledge, competency, expertise, and finally the development of professional as well as personal qualities that are mandatory throughout their specialists life (Taylor, 2015). CPDs standards are set out in a way that it is directly applicable to both the midwives and nurses context of practice, whereby the NMBA reserves the duty of giving exemptions in personal cases (Ross, Barr, Stevens, 2013). The CPD's requirements are that registered and enrolled nurses, as well as midwives, must take part in at least twenty hours per year of continuing professional development. This standard relates to my future practice as an enrolled nurse because every time of active participation in CPD has the effect of improving my learning. Criminal History By definition, criminal history refers to each conviction pertaining to an individuals offense, elsewhere or in a participating jurisdiction (Scanlon et al., 2012). This is the registration standard that sets out the National Boards factors which are considered in making decisions on whether the criminal history of a health practitioner applies to the practice of their specialty as speculated under the national law enforced in any territory or state. In deciding that the nurses or midwives criminal history emerges as relevant to their professional practice, the NMBA has a number of considerations (Scanlon et al., 2016). It has to consider the gravity and the nature of an offense or any criminal allegations. This registration standard looks at the period elapsed since the health care professional committed or accused of an allegation, and it also looks at the behavior of such an individual to ensure that there is no threat of such act happening again. This registration standard relates to my future practice as an enrolled nurse. It helps to enlighten me on how I should conduct myself during the period of practice in which I have to be keen on what I am doing to avoid committing any criminal offense as this might affect my enrollment. English Language This is the registration standard that gives an outline of the requirements for the demonstration of a practitioners English skills that are relevant for nurses and midwives registration in their specific health profession. The NMBA registration has three English language proficiency standards, the first one being the common standard relevant to be applied to 12 professions. The second is the nursing and midwifery standard, and the last is the Aboriginal as well as the Torres Strait Islander standard of health practice. English language skills give an explanation on how to provide the evidence required to fit the standard of nursing and midwifery in Australia. According to this registration standard, one must make English as the primary language irrespective of educational backgrounds. In essence, this registration standard relates to my future practice as an enrolled nurse since I have to know that the primary language for communication in a health care setting is English Language a nd I have to maintain a certain standard. Professional Indemnity Any health practitioner who is registered must not practice in a specific professional in which their registration is based upon unless apt PII (Professional Indemnity Insurance) arrangements are brought into force in regards to individual practice (Nursing Council, 2012). The Nurses and Midwifery Board of Australia requires enrolled, registered, and nurse practitioners as well as midwives with a valid insurance cover to hold it in their own names besides retaining something to prove evidence of their insurance. The arrangements of professional indemnity are usually provided either through a public or private employer, membership of a specialist body, obtained contract of insurance, or the above combined (Nursing Council, 2014). This registration standard relates to my future practice as an enrolled nurse because it contains the requirements of how to arrange my professional indemnity and how to stop it when I cease from practice. Recency of Practice Evidently, this is the registration standard that sets out the minimum requirements that are applicable to enrolled nurses, registered nurses, and midwives. It also applies to applicants for a midwife or an enrolled nurse or registered nurse beside those midwives and nurses seeking to register for an endorsement. In totality, the fulfillment of the recency of practice by the nurses and midwives happens when a health care professional has completed a minimum of 450 hours in a duration of five years (Jacob, Sellick, McKenna, 2012). A nurse or a midwife must have completed a program where the boa wasrd approved the assessment. This registration standard relates to my future practice as an enrolled nurse. This is based on the reason that failure to adhere to the registration's minimum requirements set out by the board can lead to the refusal of my application. Scenario Immediate Actions Nasogastric tubes are important scientific devices for feeding patients with acute problems that make normal eating to be difficult. First of all, my immediate actions before the start of the replacement process will involve consulting my seniors who we might be working in the same department. After making several readings to refresh what was learned while in the institution, there is need to practice hand hygiene. Hand washing is one of the most fundamental practices that must be observed during the replacement of the Nasogastric tube. An enrolled nurse has to be aware of his or her actions to avoid committing any legal offense that can cause non-registration or permanent prohibition from practice (Xu, 2011). The immediate action that follows after this is checking the room to look for additional precautions. Ideally, personal introduction to the patient is particularly important when I want to approach a client to know the nature of the procedure from the replacement of an NG tube to insertion. As part and parcel of the immediate actions to carry out the replacement and insertion of the nasogastric tube, it is important for an enrolled nurse to check for vital signs. Identified Learning Skills My identified learning skills, as well as the knowledge that I need to review to be able to carry out the task safely, involves the refreshment of various literature through reading. Insertion techniques of the nasogastric tube are the identified learning need. The tubes are in most cases inserted by the nurses practitioners or registered nurses or by a junior doctor who only performs the task to a patient by the bedside. To be able to handle this matter appropriately, English language skills as per the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) registration requirements needs that at least three of the standards are attained by the enrolled nurse preparing to replace and insert a nasogastric tube (NMBA, 2017). The registration standards ensure that no health care practitioner's behavior is questionable to the extent of inciting a potential threat that may affect the operational efficacy of the sector. I have to know the exact measurement starting from the noses tip to a certain point that is supposedly halfway the length between the umbilicus and the xiphoid (Meyer et al., 2009). Knowing this would make an enrolled nurse to give an estimate of the required distance. During the replacement of the tube, the chosen NG is lubricated at the tip through the smearing of aqua gel. This is to ensure that no difficulties are encountered during insertion. As such, this is all the identified learning needs I can review before the start of the procedure. By employing the continuous professional development registration requirements, I am able to focus on health care duties that add value to my practice as a graduate enrolled nurse. In essence, this identified learning skills will make the entire process of replacement and insertion of the nasogastric a success. Learning Activities Decision making is one of the activities that health care practitioners must perfect to ensure that they consciously handle matters of health to avoid the occurrence of malpractices that may subject a professional to legal action (Jensen, Croskerry, Travers, 2009). The other activity is a continuous reading of primary literature found in the nursing library databases accessed either online or in physical libraries within the country. The replacement of nasogastric tube and insertion requires one to have the ability to make sound decisions that are applicable to the context herein. The learning activities or opportunities that I need to undertake to perform this skill in future is that every hour that I spend while handling the task adds value to my performance because consistent practice makes perfected work. This is where the application of Continuing Professional Development sets in as the most relevant registration standard alongside the decision making framework (Moxham, 2012). Health care providers are supposed to bolster their flexibility when it comes to decision making that enables them to know the right practitioner to refer a patient to for him poor her to receive the needed treatment. This is in a bid to ensure total adherence to the rules and regulations that govern the registration of nurses and midwives in Australia without forgetting enrolled nurses in a nations scheme that does not include students or fresh graduates from Australian institutions offering healthcare disciplines. Conclusion The registration of nurses, as well as midwives in Australia, is one of the key steps towards improving the quality of service delivered to the patients. Through CPD, criminal history, English language skills, professional indemnity insurance, and recency of practice, it is possible to gauge whether a professional can continue with service or can be prompted to stop following a legal order. As an enrolled nurse, equipment with excellent decision-making skills is one of the steps geared towards the improvement of patients' satisfaction. References Jacob, E., Sellick, K., McKenna, L. (2012). Australian registered and enrolled nurses: Is there a difference?. International journal of nursing practice, 18(3), 303-307. Jensen, J. L., Croskerry, P., Travers, A. H. (2009). Paramedic clinical decision making during high acuity emergency calls: design and methodology of a Delphi study. BMC emergency medicine, 9(1), 17. Meyer, P., Henry, M., Maury, E., Baudel, J. L., Guidet, B., Offenstadt, G. (2009). Colorimetric capnography to ensure correct nasogastric tube position. Journal of critical care, 24(2), 231-235. Moxham, L. (2012). Nurse education, research and evidence-based practice. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Guidelines: Continuing professional development. (2017). Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 31 May 2017, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Codes-Guidelines/Guidelines-cpd.aspx Nursing, A., Council, M. A. (2012). Registered nurse accreditation standards 2012. Canberra: ANMAC. Nursing, A., Council, M. A. (2014). Midwife accreditation standards 2014. Canberra, ACT: ANMAC. Ross, K., Barr, J., Stevens, J. (2013). Mandatory continuing professional development requirements: what does this mean for Australian nurses. BMC nursing, 12(1), 9. Scanlon, A., Cashin, A., Bryce, J., Kelly, J. G., Buckely, T. (2016). The complexities of defining nurse practitioner scope of practice in the Australian context. Collegian, 23(1), 129-142. Scanlon, A., Cashin, A., Watson, N., Bryce, J. (2012). Advanced nursing practice hours as part of endorsement requirements for nurse practitioners in Australia: A definitional conundrum. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 24(11), 649-659. Taylor, S. (2015). Pediatric Nurses' Perceptions of Continuing Professional Development Opportunities. Xu, Y. (2011). A comparison of regulatory standards for initial registration/licensure of internationally educated nurses in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 2(3), 27-36.

Literature Review E

Introduction It is strongly believed that print books will be considered preferred medium for readers, but there is also a widely accepted assumption that technological change will touch upon the transition from transitional book production to digital one. A technologically driven society, therefore, will provide a favorable ground for reducing substantially the print material and engaging the development of technologically driven education.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Literature Review: E-Books vs. Traditional Books and Influence on Public Library Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The emergence of e-books has provided society with a number of advantages and has introduced alternatives of acquiring education. Expanding reading and learning possibilities, therefore, is an attractive option created by online technologies. However, it is hard to predict whether e-book development can become an ho norable substitution for traditional books which value is defined not by its content, but by its cultural and historical affiliations. In this respect, key question arises concerning the future trends in development of e-books, as well as how technologically developed society influence the preservation and perception of traditional book as part of history and culture. Background The statistics shows significant increase in e-book sales during the period from 2002 to 2006. Thus, in 2002 the sales of e-books amounted to $ 5.8 million whereas this figure rose up to $ 20 million in 2006 (Nelson, 2008). The highlighted trends, therefore, provides many technology providers and publishers with substantial marketing grounds for triggering the adoption of virtual books in the future. By 2012, it is expected that the sales will grow up to $ 5 billion and, therefore, scientific and professional publishing in libraries will be replaced with digitized variants of books (Nelson, 2008). Such a per spective will significantly influence reconstruction of existing libraries and will threaten the extermination of traditional books. While exploring the demographics in correlation with the sales rates, it should be assumed that people under the age category of 30-44 years are the most frequent users of e-books (about 40 %) (Special Reports on E-Book Production and Digital Printing Technology, 2011). Other age categories are less interested in e-books technologies. The prevalence of e-books over their hardcover versions is also evidence from the survey revealing augmentation from 38.1 % to 49.6 % of people who would rather wait to buy electronic version than buy the print book right away, where the percentage rates range from 18.9 % in September 2011 to 12.7 % in August 2011 (Special Reports on E-Book Production and Digital Printing Technology, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Aside from statistics, the popularity growth of e-books is evidence because of the increasing rates of adoption of electronic material in colleges and universities. According to Foasberg (2011), â€Å"†¦both e-reader owners and other e-book users were much more likely to identify as early adopters of technology in general† (p. 112). In this respect, the adoption rate of technological devices supporting e-books reading is likely to be promoted in future. Despite the growing trends in adopting electronic reading materials, uncertainty remains in regard to the role of traditional books in education, as well as well the consequences e-book expansion can have for community library systems in particular and education in general. This is of particular concern to the problem of cultural resistance (Nelson, 2008). This important aspect, therefore, can become the major obstacle preventing libraries from total transition from traditional reading to online readin g. All these issues should be considered by means of examining the evidence presented in literature. Rationale – Purpose of the Study With regard to the above-presented considerations, the given research aims to define the basic trends in digital books prevalence over their print versions, as well as analyze what impact it will have on community library systems and education. The study is highly relevant given the fact that the technological advancement becomes the main aspects of social development. Moreover, analysis of statistics and survey will also help to define the underpinnings of replacing traditional books by electronic ones. Finally, the given paper will contribute to understanding the attitude of various age categories toward digital expansion, as well as forecast further trends in traditional system of book reading in community libraries. The results of the study will also show negative impacts of traditional books reduced popularity on child development. Literat ure Review The development of digital space has given rise to the development of electronic books that are quite popular among teenagers and businesspeople. The technological progress contributed greatly to the prevailing nature of digital material over printed material, which introduced substantial changing to community library system that were previously engaged in traditional scheme of managing readers’ needs. However, computer software development created opportunities for restructuring libraries and introducing computer classes. In this respect, it is purposeful to look through the literature that explores the origins of e-books development, individual perceptions and demographics of using electronic materials, understand the status of libraries and define in what way, digital transition influences the future of print books development. In such a manner, it is possible to predict the ratio traditional books and digital versions in various libraries.Advertising We wi ll write a custom research paper sample on Literature Review: E-Books vs. Traditional Books and Influence on Public Library Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Growing Trends in Reading Electronic Books The emergence of electronic books and its conceptualization refers to 1960s. The value of microcomputers and their applications in terms of electronic materials became available in 1980s (Zucker et al., 2009). The next two decades after that were marked by significant expansion of electronic books use, most of which were affordable in many languages. Today, the variety of e-books ranges from animated versions of books for children to much more sophisticated literature, including software allowing teachers and students to work out complicated learning and teaching strategies. Along with the growing popularity of e-books and greater availability of technological devices, more and more teenagers prefer using digital version of their favorite books. In this respect, Springen (2011) has discovered that e-reading can become the future of all libraries because of much easier access and portability of online and electronic versions of books. Such well-known publishers as Amazon, Barnes Noble, Apple and YA Publishes have expanded their market potential with the emergence of high demand for e-books. The popularity of digital reading is also explained by the increased use of virtual space for socializing. In this respect, integrating reading activities into the online surface will allow to increase the popularity of this activity in general (Springen, 2011; Zucker et al., 2009). The point is that the current teen generation can be regarded as a transition generation which equally regards e-books and published versions. Growing popularity of e-books does not only change the style of reading, but also expand the actual definition of what a book is. In this respect, Valenza and Stephens (2012) refer to the Iconic Project Gutenberg containing a collection of about 36,000 books, favored the movement of electronic book portals. These online portals are able to provide libraries and schools with collections of a variety of books. Despite the increased demand for electronic books, many teen readers consider a traditional book a talisman. Within this context, e-book titles serve as the precursors of the published version and, therefore, teenagers are inclined to use equally electronic readings and traditional books. With regard to the above-regarded presented tendencies, e-book expansion is on the rise, but traditional reading will not be removed entirely because of a number of social and cultural factors. In addition, e-book overcomes traditional books due to the technological development and globalization process.Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the same time, gradual, sluggish transition to digital material is also explained by the age distinctions. Specifically, there is a significant percentage of the population (under age of 50) who are not technologically savvy. They are more fond of reading traditional books. Touching physical books, turning pages, and making notes on the margins is another exclusive opportunities for traditional readers to get pleasure from reading print books. Library and E-books As soon as iPhone was invented, many people are more likely to use it to read books online. The point is that the availability of e-books is much greater than presence of published versions. As a result, there is a threat of significant fall of visitors at traditional libraries because of considerably higher convenience of online bookstores. In this respect, â€Å"†¦digitization has made the removal of physical books easier for the library to contemplate† (Bell, 2012, p. 32). Although the process of digitizat ion has a mass character, the need to preserve traditional libraries remains because of the threat of cultural decline. What is more important is that many categories of American citizens fail to access online books because of Internet access limitations. The U.S. Census shows that more than 30 % of households do not have the Internet connection at home (Bell, 2012). The emergence of electronic books in libraries has challenged the technological base of public establishments. As a result, spending on preserving and monitoring the electronic book database has also increased considerably. Gray and Copeland (2012) have examined and compared the costs necessary to use and maintain print books and the budget necessary for preserving the collection of electronic books. The comparison is combined with a cost analysis and provides an alternative way to explore the effectiveness of funds spend on both electronic and print formats. The results of research have demonstrated that â€Å"†¦ the highest circulating e-books circulated at the same rate as the first print copy† (Gray Copeland, 2012, p. 339). More importantly, the study has indicated the obvious prevalence of e-book format use over the use of printed version. Electronic book database creation has a number of benefits for public libraries. In particular, Polanka (2011) has defined that e-books increase circulation because of the 24/7 availability of online library. Digital books do not need additional shelves and specific conditions for maintenance. Therefore, this type of book distribution is quite cost effective. Moreover, e-book purchase does not involve such procedures as books processing, or shipping. Despite the fact that audio books and e-books are offered in various genres, public libraries tend to introduce popular materials. Transition from traditional book libraries to e-book libraries creates a number of issues and concerns because of economic and social underpinnings. Publishers also have a mixed opinion concerning the necessity of introducing digital dimension to all public and college library systems because of library specification. The question also concerns the need to preserving purely traditional libraries so as to preserve deep culture of traditional publishing. Current State of Community Libraries Today, public library system cannot exist without the access to e-book library. This fact cannot be ignored and, therefore, evidence shows that more and more people ask the librarians about the digital format of the book of interest and librarians cannot ignore this fact because it can undermine the reputation of their libraries. What is more threatening is that library can lose their regular readers. However, not all publishers are satisfied with this new option in libraries because of unlimited access of users to authentic and copyright materials (Say, 2011).E-book emergence is closely associated with the current state of community and public libraries. In this respect, there is an assumption that e-books can become the future of libraries. At the same time, it is suggested that â€Å"reading on a screen is an unpleasant experience that has, and will continue to, stymie the growth of e-books† (Buzzetto-More et al., 2007, p. 50). Encouraged by the benefits of digital books, many libraries, including Children’s Digital Library, approve the creation of e-books for children all over the world. Digital revolution in the library introduces specific challenges to the library personnel because of insufficient competence and skillfulness in handling new technological devices and computer software. In this respect, the research conducted by the Primary Research Group (2008) has discovered that â€Å"more than 53 % of U. S. libraries surveyed felt that their patrons were less skillful in use of e-book collection than they were in the use of article databases† (p. 20). More than half of librarians operating financial resources of no more than $ 1.5 million also express their insufficient experience and awareness of library transition to digital resources. In addition, the survey introduced by the Primary Research has discovered findings concerning the readers’ attitude to e-book reading in libraries and have found that location, library size, and origin of the establishment do not influence greatly on the trend in using e-book reading device. The analysis of e-book vs. print book distributions imposes a serious problem on library systems because of inability to integrate a complex and consistent shift in terms of personnel training, equipment insurance, and e-book distribution. Few researchers indicate the exact number of readers that prefer using digital materials, as well as the percentage of those who support the traditional concept of reading. Impact of Digital Expansion Right after the emergence of e-book and e-content, much concern has been raised about the future of traditional books. Each stag e in development predicted and assumed the disappearance of traditional print books, fall of text culture, and other changes where the concept of literacy would be altered. However, the actual process of e-book integration was gradual and sluggish and, as a result, many readers were disappointed with the trends at the e-market (Marshall, 2009). The point is that reading on a computer screen was not satisfying enough; not all genres were available to online readers. At earlier stages, the hardware was too inconvenient and, therefore, readers were interested in e-reader device as a novelty that provokes attention for a short period of time. Further development of e-book material has introduced much more convenient hardware media and more and more readers prefer using those for reading books (Marshall, 2009). The spread of electronic publishing has a created a new vision on learning, reading, and information exchange. Although electronic books received greater popularity, the role of t raditional books remains unchanged. The history of hypermedia and the Internet captures a much shorter period of time in comparison with that of print book development. Book publishing shapes part of a larger industry including the manufacturing and distributing a wide range of products. In this respect, electronic publishing is just one stage of book publishing history. Martin et al. (2010) marks, â€Å"†¦book publishing has frequently been at the forefront of social and technological change† (p. 14). In this respect, the digitization of distribution channels, along with demographic and market change, has contributed to reconstitution and dissolution of book publishing chains, as well as liberation of authors and empowerment of reading audience. Consequently, experienced publishers with long book publishing history now encounter a rigid market competition that has been enhanced because of the emergence of digital dimension. Globalization process is also among the key dr ivers that influenced the development of e-book publishing and developed new potential markets. According to Martin et al. (2010) â€Å"globalization†¦can be perceived as providing a technological platform for progress with wide ranging benefits to the global population† (p. 18). At the same time, it can also been seen as a destructive power preventing the formation of culture of print. On the one hand, digitization is regarded as a new step in technological development introducing scientific progress and promoting social and economic development (Martin et al, 2010). One the other hand, e-book spread involves a number of challenges for print culture that is under the threat of extinction. With the placement of e-books on the first place, public libraries might face the problem of copyright violation. In this respect, Feldman (2010) argues, â€Å"Copyright shouldn’t adjust to the digital revolution; the digital revolution should adjust to copyright† (p. 17) . However, most of the publishers declare that Google often outlaws the established norms of copyright and presents significant constrains to preserving authenticity of electronic books of printed versions. Similar concerns are represented in the article by Stoeppelwerth (2011) who discusses possible difficulties related to the emergence of Apple IPads and Apple’s iBookstores. Specifically, the researcher concludes that U.S publishers â€Å"†¦desire to curtail the e-book discounting by Amazon and other online retailers permitted under the traditional wholesale distribution relationship† (Stoeppelwerth, 2011, p. 74). Shifts to market distribution, therefore, is also among tangible tendencies in e-book spread. Buzzetto-More et al. (2007) argue that e-book development has changed the conception and purpose of reading and introduced changes to many academic and social spheres. Specifically, â€Å"e-books are just one example of e-content based learning object whose b enefits include: hyperlinking, nonlinearity, data density, search ability, enhanced presentation, and multimedia features† (Buzzetto-More et al., 2007, p. 240). Expanding the concept of text, reading, and learning by means of tradition from traditional books to the electronic one, is a controversial process which involves a number of economic, social, and cultural undercurrents. Complex dimensions are specifically connected with deep history of print industry development, inconsistency of e-book distribution, and influence of technological progress on the overall state of education and public library systems. Traditional Books vs. E-Books There is rigid debate over the emergence of electronic books and its potent impact on the traditional libraries development. The issue is specifically concerned with cultural, economic, and political issues, as well as shortcomings of digital expansion. Despite the constant expansion of electronic books, it is strongly suggested that the mark et will still be distributed equally between digitized and published versions of books. According to Milliot (2012), there are several underpinnings and trends. In particular, â€Å"the number of readers who do not intend to buy a reading devices seems to be solidifying at around half of all readers, and even among digital device owners† (Milliot, 2012, p. 2). In this respect, the survey also proves that more than half of buyers state that they are reluctant to buy a reading devices and similar percentage supports that they possess a reading device and, therefore, they would prefer reading electronic books. To understand the state of online books distribution in contrast to the traditional books selling, specific emphasis should be placed on statistics. In this respect, Primary Research Group (2008) has defined that â€Å"non-U.S. libraries were more likely than U.S. libraries to maintain a print copy of a book in the library’s e-book collection† (p. 23). Public libraries with budgets over $ 4 million maintained printed versions of electronic books in a collection containing 43 % of all books. College libraries use up to 37 % of digital material for course resources (Primary Research Group, 2008). This percentage is relatively slow because of high prices established for the course reserves (Primary Research Group, 2008). Scanty use of electronic books may also reveal the publisher decision to receive isolated revenues from course reserves. It can reflect librarians’ unawareness of the terms of using the course research, as well as their unfamiliarity with the instructions for using e-book collections. Impact of Print Material Deficit on Education and Intellectual Development The development of online bookstores and library websites has triggered new directions in education and learning. According to Larson (2010), there is an urgent necessity to integrate technological devices to practice e-reading activities because â€Å"E-books have the potential to unveil an array of new teaching and learning possibilities as traditional and new literacy skills are integrated in meaningful ways† (p. 15). The first stage of integrating novelties into current reading programs includes redefinition of the text because teachers search for alternative text resources, including electronic books and digital texts. In traditional terms, the text is often perceived as a print passage of speech. However, the modern definition of texts is confined to a much wider definition of written words. In this respect, Larson (2010) notes, â€Å"most children†¦have a keen awareness of the possibility of combining modes and media to create a message† (p. 15). The positive dimension of e-book integration in education is presented. However, there are still considerable shortcomings of technological intervention to books production. This is of particular concern to parent-child interaction and negative influence of e-book expansi on. In the studies by Moretz (n. d.), it has been discovered that â€Å"parents and pre-school children have a more positive interaction when sharing a reading experience with a traditional book as opposed to an electronic book† (n. p.). Therefore, the research focuses on children’s attitude toward both traditional books and e-books in the context of interaction and communication. Despite lack of interaction between parents and children using e-books, they can still have a positive influence on children’s literacy. Zucker et al. (2009) explains â€Å"†¦to gain proficiency in reading, children must develop two major strands of skills: the ability to rapidly decode printed words and the ability to understand and construct meaning from the language of a text† (p. 50). Taking into consideration the common features between electronic books and print books, the digital materials could contribute positively to acquisition of similar skills that could be ach ieved while reading traditional books. However, e-format of books allows children to go beyond their opportunities that are afforded during traditional reading and encounter new vocabulary through new learning strategies. Another benefit of choosing e-book is presence of greater motivation, particularly for those children who are reluctant to read (Zucker et al., 2009). Education experienced a significant shift with the appearance of digitized books and materials because of wider opportunities that e-books can proposed. Distant learning and online courses are among such opportunities that allow students all over the world access books from any location and at any time. Despite the fact that numerous researches highlight disadvantage of using electronic books, there are still ones that support e-book learning in terms of increased motivation in reading activities. Summary of the Chapter The tendencies in the development of e-book database in public libraries have a complex and multid imensional nature because of a number of factors. To begin with, trends in e-book expansion are closely associated with technological advancement and the globalization process introducing changing to the community library. Much literature is dedicated to studying the origins of e-book development to define the reasons for introducing digital devices for reading books. As a result of changes, electronic materials have introduced new meaning and conceptualization of text, reading, and the purpose of books. The history shows that digital transition is explained by the need to introduce a new stage of library services. The emergence of digitization is also presupposed by teenagers’ increased interest into virtual space allowing to socialize with each other via Internet. In this respect, electronic books allowed them to combine these activities and introduce new learning strategies. Despite the growing popularity of unpublished books, the demand for traditional books remains becau se of the presence of age categories of people who prefer using print books to their electronic versions. Economic and social factors also contributed to the print book tradition because there are still layers of population that have a limited access to computer software and online bookstores. A relatively equal distribution of financing between online and published books is also explained by identical cost-effectiveness of both markets. Hence, neither print books nor online books can be out circulation. Nevertheless, the benefits of using digital materials are obvious. In particular, libraries have a great opportunity to increase the book circulation without the necessity to cramp the library with additional shelves. E-book purchase procedures are also much more beneficial in comparison with traditional book purchase because of absence of specific shipment and delivery terms. At the same time, traditional books can also take advantage over their digital versions in terms of greater variety of genres, as well as greater book availability. But this is just the matter of time. The emergence of digital format of book distribution in the libraries has raised the problem of authenticity and copyright because many publishers are concerned with the terms of buying and selling books online. Besides, reluctance of publishers to introduce electronic versions of books can also worsen the reputation of libraries encouraging e-book services. Besides, the rapid introduction of electronic databases requires courses and training programs for librarians who have problems with managing e-reading devices and software. In the chapter, explanations are given in regard to the influence of e-book development on education and intellectual development of children. On the one hand, digital materials expand students’ opportunities in terms of learning strategies. On the other hand, electronic books reading prevent them from sharing their experience with teachers. This is of parti cular concern to children who could have problems with reading because of limited interactions with their parents. Nevertheless, the emergence of distant learning and online courses has widened students’ educational opportunities. Definition of terms Electronic/digital/online e-books – books that are saved in electronic formats and can be read by means of electronic devices, including PCs, iPhone, etc. Digital format – a form of preserving information by means of software. Books saved in digital formats can be saved on specific electronic devices. They change the conception of text and reading because it is possible to use passages in various ways. Traditional/published/print books – physical books that are made of paper with hardcover and print words. They can be preserved in libraries on shelves. References Bell, D. A. (2012). The Bookless Library. New Republic, 243(12), 31-36. Buzzetto-More, N., Sweat-Guy, R., Elobaid, M. (2007). Reading in A Digital Age: e-Books Are Students Ready For This Learning Object?. Interdisciplinary Journal Of Knowledge Learning Objects, 3239-250. Feldman, G. (2010). Americans face painful changes. Bookseller, (5424), 17. Foasberg, N. M. (2011). Adoption of E-Book Readers among College Students: A Survey. Information Technologies and Libraries. 108-128. Gray, D. J., Copeland, A. J. (2012). E-Book versus Print. Reference User Services Quarterly, 51(4), 334-339. Larson, L. C. (2010). Digital Readers: The Next Chapter in E-Book Reading and Response. Reading Teacher, 64(1), 15-22. Marshall, C. C. (2009). Reading and Writing the Electronic Book. US: Morgan Claypool Publishers. Martin, B., Martin, W. J., Tian, X. (2010). Books, Bytes and Business: The Promise of Digital Publishing. US: Ashgate Publishing. Milliot, J. (2012). Moving Toward A Hybrid Market. Publishers Weekly, 259(4), 2. Moretz, P. M. (n. d.). Traditional Books Provide More Positive Parent-Child Interaction According to Temple, Erikson Res earchers. Temple University’s Office of Communications. Retrieved from https://www.temple.edu/ Nelson, M. R. (2008). E-Books in Higher Education: Nearing the End of the Era of Hype? Educause Review. 43(2), Retrieved from https://er.educause.edu/articles/2008/3/ebooks-in-higher-education-nearing-the-end-of-the-era-of-hype Polanka, S. (2011). No Shelf Required: E-Books in Libraries. US: ALA Editions. Primary Research Group. (2008). Library Use of E-Books. US: Primary Research Group. Say, M. (2011). Public Libraries Open Doors for E-Books. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/government-computing-network/2011/apr/14/public-library-ebook-service-grows-cilip-lincolnshire Special Reports on E-Book Production and Digital Printing Technology. (2011). Seybold Report: Analyzing Publishing Technologies, 11(24), 11. Springen, K. (2011). Reaching the e-Teen. Publishers Weekly, 258 (8), 21. Stoeppelwerth, A. M. (2011). Antitrust Issues Associated with the Sale of e-Book s and Other Digital Content. Antitrust Magazine, 25(2), 69-74. Valenza, K. J., Stephens, W. (2012). Reading Remixed. Educational Leadership, 69(6), 75. Zucker, T. A., Moody, A. K., McKenna, M. C. (2009). The Effects of Electronic Books on Pre-Kindergarten-to-Grade 5 Students’ Literacy and Language Outcomes: A Research Synthesis. Journal Of Educational Computing Research, 40(1), 47-87. This research paper on Literature Review: E-Books vs. Traditional Books and Influence on Public Library Systems was written and submitted by user Danny Garrett to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.